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Friday 20 July 2012

Monitor Audio Speaker Technologies

Monitor Audio: The Power of C-CAM®

C-CAM stands for Ceramic-Coated Aluminium/Magnesium, which is a material originally developed by the aerospace industry for jet engine components. Its properties are ideal for loudspeaker cones being extremely rigid, yet light enough to yield high overall efficiency.

In manufacture, aluminium/magnesium alloy undergoes a three-stage stress-relieving process to remove surface deformation and molecular weakness. Once formed, the alloy cone is subjected to a high temperature anodic coating process in which a layer of pure ceramic alumina is depleted onto its surfaces to a depth of 50 microns, producing a completely rigid sandwich of alloy and heat-dissipating ceramic material.
Conventional cone materials are more likely to flex in operation, producing a significant level of audible distortion. C-CAM cones have a much higher resistance to bending stress and therefore exhibit much greater fidelity over their entire operating range. C-CAM bass drivers are able to resist the bending distortion imposed by sudden and extreme bass excursions to reproduce very clean, deep and dynamic bass frequencies. C-CAM tweeters and woofers share an audible consistency producing a smooth transition of frequencies and a sense of realism and cohesion in the soundstage.

Monitor Audio's Gold Dome Tweeter is also formed from a C-CAM alloy, gold anodised to a specific thickness for ideal stiffness and damping characteristics. Its new profile and surround geometry have been developed using advanced modelling tools, to provide the optimum qualities for accurate sound reproduction. The new design moves the first order of breakup to beyond 35kHz, producing a linear response way beyond audibility, which matches the wide frequency bandwidth available from HD music and cinema sound formats. The gold dome is thinner, lighter, more rigid and therefore more efficient than domes made from other materials which are prone to distortion in the audio band.

Monitor Audio's Winning Ribbon

Monitor Audio's higher end speaker systems have a certain quality and magic that makes them deliver such an astonishing sound. The source of this magic is Monitor Audio's proprietary ribbon tweeter.

The ribbon tweeter design uses an ultra-thin sandwich of C-CAM® alloy suspended in a powerful transverse magnetic field of high energy NeFeB rare earth magnets. The ribbon serves as both voice coil and radiating diaphragm, with every part of the ribbon driven directly and simultaneously without energy storage. Having a mass of just 18mg, its diaphragm is able to start and stop in an instant, producing a transient response capable of defining the leading edge and natural harmonic resonance of complex musical sounds.

Specified to reach ultra-high frequencies up to an elusive 100 kHz, Monitor Audio’s magical ribbon tweeter will reproduce with ease every last nuance and detail from vinyl, CD, DVD-A and SACD, together with the wider bandwidth of Blu-ray. This ribbon tweeter is currently featured on Monitor Audio's highest quality speakers: the Platinum Series and Gold GX Series.

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Friday 13 July 2012

Blu-Ray Technology History and The DVD

Blu-Ray Technology History and The DVD [Technology Explained]


Standard DVDs use a red laser which, as you might know from rainbow studies, has a much longer wavelength than blue/violet light. This seemingly minor difference is what allows Blu-ray discs to store almost 10 times the amount of data a DVD can store.

Blu Ray Technology History – Who Created It?

The creation of the blue laser diode required for this technology is attributed to Shuji Nakamura, a professor in the College of Engineering at UCSB. Sony (along with Pioneer) took this work and came up with prototypes that were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in 2000. In 2002, Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded, and they announced the “˜Blu-ray’ project.
blu ray technology history
In 2004, Blu-ray Disc Founders changed their name to the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), and physical specifications for the discs were complete. Fast forwarding to 2006, the BD-ROM specifications were finalized and the first Blu-ray players hit the market. Due to the many delays and setbacks over the project’s lifespan, however, HD DVD players had already been on the market for a few months by then.

The Format War ““ Blu-ray vs. HD DVD

blu ray technology historyToshiba came out with the HD DVD format, instantly becoming Blu-ray’s primary competition and starting a “format war” in the process. This was similar to the videotape format war between VHS and BetaMax. Never heard of BetaMax? Yeah, me neither.
Initially, the HD DVD was an attempt to avoid changing over from the DVD to a format that was physically different and more expensive. What they ended up with, however, was a high-density optical disc that worked essentially the same way as a Blu-ray Disc, blue lasers and all.
What caused this “war” was the fact that no major companies wanted to commit to one standard over the other, fearing they might pick the wrong one. Once companies/industries began taking sides and battles were won and lost, it was a few key factors that ultimately swung this war in Blu-ray’s favor: the film industry and the PS3.
blu ray technology history
Movie distributors (notably Best Buy & Netflix) sided with Blu-ray. This, coupled with Sony’s announcement to include a Blu-ray player in their upcoming PS3 game console, was a crushing blow to the HD DVD campaign.
In 2008, Toshiba officially threw in the towel, ceasing development of HD DVD players. The war was over.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this article could have just as easily been about the HD DVD replacing the DVD format, but the people have spoken and they want Blu-ray. This format is here to stay until the next wave of new technologies hit the market, but judging from past experiences that might not be for some time.
If you didn’t know what Blu-ray was or where it came from before reading this article I hope I cleared the air for you. If you have any thoughts, ideas, comments, or general inquiries please leave them below!

Blu-Ray Technology History and The DVD [Technology Explained]

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Standard DVDs use a red laser which, as you might know from rainbow studies, has a much longer wavelength than blue/violet light. This seemingly minor difference is what allows Blu-ray discs to store almost 10 times the amount of data a DVD can store.

Blu Ray Technology History – Who Created It?

The creation of the blue laser diode required for this technology is attributed to Shuji Nakamura, a professor in the College of Engineering at UCSB. Sony (along with Pioneer) took this work and came up with prototypes that were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in 2000. In 2002, Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded, and they announced the “˜Blu-ray’ project.
blu ray technology history
In 2004, Blu-ray Disc Founders changed their name to the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), and physical specifications for the discs were complete. Fast forwarding to 2006, the BD-ROM specifications were finalized and the first Blu-ray players hit the market. Due to the many delays and setbacks over the project’s lifespan, however, HD DVD players had already been on the market for a few months by then.

The Format War ““ Blu-ray vs. HD DVD

blu ray technology historyToshiba came out with the HD DVD format, instantly becoming Blu-ray’s primary competition and starting a “format war” in the process. This was similar to the videotape format war between VHS and BetaMax. Never heard of BetaMax? Yeah, me neither.
Initially, the HD DVD was an attempt to avoid changing over from the DVD to a format that was physically different and more expensive. What they ended up with, however, was a high-density optical disc that worked essentially the same way as a Blu-ray Disc, blue lasers and all.
What caused this “war” was the fact that no major companies wanted to commit to one standard over the other, fearing they might pick the wrong one. Once companies/industries began taking sides and battles were won and lost, it was a few key factors that ultimately swung this war in Blu-ray’s favor: the film industry and the PS3.
blu ray technology history
Movie distributors (notably Best Buy & Netflix) sided with Blu-ray. This, coupled with Sony’s announcement to include a Blu-ray player in their upcoming PS3 game console, was a crushing blow to the HD DVD campaign.
In 2008, Toshiba officially threw in the towel, ceasing development of HD DVD players. The war was over.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this article could have just as easily been about the HD DVD replacing the DVD format, but the people have spoken and they want Blu-ray. This format is here to stay until the next wave of new technologies hit the market, but judging from past experiences that might not be for some time.
If you didn’t know what Blu-ray was or where it came from before reading this article I hope I cleared the air for you. If you have any thoughts, ideas, comments, or general inquiries please leave them below!

Blu-Ray Technology History and The DVD [Technology Explained]


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Video Game Dow

Standard DVDs use a red laser which, as you might know from rainbow studies, has a much longer wavelength than blue/violet light. This seemingly minor difference is what allows Blu-ray discs to store almost 10 times the amount of data a DVD can store.

Blu Ray Technology History – Who Created It?

The creation of the blue laser diode required for this technology is attributed to Shuji Nakamura, a professor in the College of Engineering at UCSB. Sony (along with Pioneer) took this work and came up with prototypes that were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in 2000. In 2002, Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded, and they announced the “˜Blu-ray’ project.
blu ray technology history
In 2004, Blu-ray Disc Founders changed their name to the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), and physical specifications for the discs were complete. Fast forwarding to 2006, the BD-ROM specifications were finalized and the first Blu-ray players hit the market. Due to the many delays and setbacks over the project’s lifespan, however, HD DVD players had already been on the market for a few months by then.

The Format War ““ Blu-ray vs. HD DVD

blu ray technology historyToshiba came out with the HD DVD format, instantly becoming Blu-ray’s primary competition and starting a “format war” in the process. This was similar to the videotape format war between VHS and BetaMax. Never heard of BetaMax? Yeah, me neither.
Initially, the HD DVD was an attempt to avoid changing over from the DVD to a format that was physically different and more expensive. What they ended up with, however, was a high-density optical disc that worked essentially the same way as a Blu-ray Disc, blue lasers and all.
What caused this “war” was the fact that no major companies wanted to commit to one standard over the other, fearing they might pick the wrong one. Once companies/industries began taking sides and battles were won and lost, it was a few key factors that ultimately swung this war in Blu-ray’s favor: the film industry and the PS3.
blu ray technology history
Movie distributors (notably Best Buy & Netflix) sided with Blu-ray. This, coupled with Sony’s announcement to include a Blu-ray player in their upcoming PS3 game console, was a crushing blow to the HD DVD campaign.
In 2008, Toshiba officially threw in the towel, ceasing development of HD DVD players. The war was over.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this article could have just as easily been about the HD DVD replacing the DVD format, but the people have spoken and they want Blu-ray. This format is here to stay until the next wave of new technologies hit the market, but judging from past experiences that might not be for some time.
If you didn’t know what Blu-ray was or where it came from before reading this article I hope I cleared the air for you. If you have any thoughts, ideas, comments, or general inquiries please leave them below!

Tuesday 10 July 2012

HTC Explorer


The HTC Desire C sits at the bottom of the company's range of Android handsets. It's difficult to ignore the choice of name for this particular phone, picking up on the heritage of the Desire family.
As a quick reminder, the HTC Desire was a fantastic handset back in 2010 and a handset that we still see out and about: it's stood the test of time, but we were then taken by HTC Desire HD, landing in late 2010. Both were flagship phones at the time. 
So it's strange now, in 2012, to find the Desire name put on a budget phone. We can only guess that the "C" is for compact, but to anyone who knows HTC's family of devices, it's difficult not to look at this phone and call it a replacement for the HTC Wildfire S or the HTC Explorer. We won't let nomenclature get in the way, but the message could have been clearer from HTC. 
But at the affordable end of the market, can HTC still thrive when faced with cheap network-branded devices like the Orange San Francisco II or the T-Mobile Vivacity?

Design

Of course the thing about affordable phones is that at some point you have to make a compromise. Often that compromise is in the design or the build quality. Both the phones we mentioned above, while offering similar specs, don't get anywhere near the HTC Desire C when it comes to design. 
The Desire C reflects many of the design trends that the flagship One X offers. For example, the sleek front features micro-drilled holes for the ear speaker, rather than a grille. The same is true on the back. The choice of materials is good too - the tactile matte finish to the white review sample we had looks and feels great. 
It might only be a plastic cover - that's good enough for even the Samsung Galaxy S III after all - but it all feels like good quality. There is some flex to the back, but nothing critical, but importantly, it's around the sides and around the display that things feel nice and tight.
Pull off the back cover and you'll find that HTC has been up to its own tricks, making the innards of the Desire C bright red. The plastic inside is red, as is the battery, and you'll find a touch of red detailing around the Micro-USB port, a nod to what lies within. It's perhaps a small detail, but you can't help feeling that HTC is having a little fun here.
The curves make it a comfortable phone to hold and it's diminutive 107.2 x 60.6 x 12.25mm dimensions will fit into any hand. It feels secure there too and unlike some devices we've seen recently, it never slipped. At 100g it's light, so this is a good choice for someone who doesn't want to feel like they are carrying round a small book. 
Despite the modest frame, HTC has managed to slip a 3.5-inch display into place. It might look and feel small by modern standards, but you get enough space to take advantage of some of the flexibility that HTC Sense's customisation offers.

Hardware and controls

The positioning of a phone in the Android world often comes down to the hardware configuration and the HTC Desire C quickly shows it's true colours. A 600MHz single core processor with 512MB RAM powers it, although the 4GB of internal memory can be expanded thanks to the microSD card slot.
As mentioned there is a 3.5-inch display, but the resolution is strictly limited at 480 x 320 pixels (165ppi), resulting in a display that will require a lot of zooming in and out to read text clearly on websites, for example. It isn't the latest and greatest display of the sort you'll find on the HTC One X either, but typical of this level of device.
The display is bright enough for most conditions, but we did find ourselves wishing it was slightly brighter in sunny conditions. 
Across the bottom of the display are three touch controls, which makes the HTC Desire C a little more exciting, as the back, home and recent apps icons immediately indicate that this phone arrives with Android 4, Ice Cream Sandwich, so it's up to date. Although the size is small, these controls have plenty of space, so navigation is straightforward.
Elsewhere you'll find a power/standby button on the top and a right-hand volume rocker as you'd expect.
Befitting the budget status of the phone, some hardware features are missing. Around the back you have a 5-megapixel camera, but there is no flash as you might expect. It's also fixed focus which, as we'll see, ultimately limits its performance.

Software and performance

Many affordable phones are found languishing with an old build of Android or somewhat quirky modifications to the user interface. In the case of the HTC Desire C, you get both the latest version of Android and the latest version of HTC Sense. 
The result is that you have a nice and sophisticated user interface, with plenty on offer out of the box and the normal integrated experience that HTC offers. Signing into the numerous integrated accounts will flesh out your contacts and connect everything up, although as you'd expect, you don't get all the features of Sense that you do on more powerful HTC devices.
But the refinement that comes with Ice Cream Sandwich, packaged by HTC, means that some features work well. For example, the swipe away notifications are useful with a small screen, as is the ease with which you can swipe across emails in the Gmail app. 
With HTC Sense 4 offering a lighter touch than previous versions, the home screens are closer to native Android, with the option to customise the launcher to your liking. This means you can drop your favourite app shortcuts, make folders or whatever else, to make the phone your own.
You get HTC's polished widgets, with things like animated weather and all the other trimmings that you'd expect. 
The hardware does have an impact on what this phone will do, however. You miss out on some of the connected features, so you can't access a media server from the gallery for example, but you are saved from HTC Locations, HTC's own mapping solution. This is actually an advantage, as the HTC Desire C just uses Google Maps, which we much prefer.
Overall the lack of power is telling as the HTC Desire C isn't as snappy as more powerful phones, with everyday tasks taking a fraction longer than comfortable. Opening apps and navigating around the phone and you'll get a much smoother experience from an older handset with more power, if you can find one at an agreeable price.
Media does suffer, so if you plan to spend your time watching a lot of video on the go then you might struggle: although, for example, the BBC iPlayer app will run, playback was lacking in quality. You'll also find that other demanding apps won't run and as Google Play becomes more sophisticated, there is more to miss out on. The just launched Xbox Live companion app won't run, for example.
Music, however, is nicely handled, with music apps sitting in HTC's Music hub. You'll probably have noticed that this is a Beats branded device, so fire up your music, connect your headphones and you'll get Beats swing into to boost the audio performance. We like the sound of Beats, but we found that on the Desire C it would occasionally turn off and on during songs. It's most likely a software bug, but something to watch out for.
But in the core tasks the HTC Desire C acquits itself well enough. We'd take more power and a larger screen given the choice, but when it comes to something like messaging, emails or calling, there isn't much of a difference. You still get that connected, sharing Android experience too, so as a social mobile, the Desire C is a pleasure to use.
Naturally the smaller display means there is less screen space for HTC's tweaked keyboard. The keyboard is responsive, although in our opinion it performs much better once you turn off all the haptics. HTC's keyboard is pretty good, although the predictions aren't as useful as some others and you may well find that a third-party keyboard makes better use of the limited space.
As a final word on performance, the HTC Desire C offers the niceties of HTC Sense, so things are well polished and cleverly integrated, but as with many phones at this price, you have to accept compromise. It isn't going to be a great multimedia device, so best suited for those who want a connected messenger, with a little more diversity than something like the BlackBerry Curve.

Camera and video

The camera on the back offers a 5-megapixel sensor, hitting a point on the spec sheet, but it is fixed focus and lacks flash, so isn't going to give you the best results. The camera interface benefits from HTC Sense's recent tweaks, offering both photos or video at the press of a button.
Being fixed focus means that macro shots, or anything close, isn't really possible. From about 1 metre and further things are better, but won't rival autofocus models. As usual, you'll find that low-light shots get very noisy, but at least the Desire C doesn't show signs of lag, it just grabs your shot.
Video is also limited, not only by the lack of focusing, but the maximum resolution of 640 x 480 pixels. This is fine for sharing, but won't stand up on a larger screen and these days looks pretty shoddy on the likes of YouTube. 

Battery life and calling

As a phone we had no problems with the HTC Desire C. The micro drilled holes mean that you need to have the phone in the right place to be able to hear properly, but the small size means it's no problem to adjust it. The external speaker also worked well enough.
Usually lower spec phones bring an advantage with them and that's battery life. Hardware that doesn't draw so much power and a smaller display usually means you have a phone that will last you through the day. The 1230mAh battery in the HTC Desire C sounds sizeable enough to do this, however it didn't.
Surprisingly, we found that the HTC Desire C would only give us about eight hours in typical use. On a long day out of the office, this meant we had to charge it mid afternoon to ensure it got us home - just the same as we've come to expect from much larger devices.
It feels as though something isn't right here. Peering into the power section of the settings, it reveals that the display has drained the battery, despite not being used to a high degree, but gave no other clues as to why the life was so short. Perhaps this is a software issue, but it's something to keep your eyes on.

HTC Explorer

Friday 6 January 2012

History of Technology

Introduction History of Technology


In ancient times, technology was defined by Homer and Hesiod as the spoken word of manual craft or cunning skill (Luna, 1994).  By 330 BC, Aristotle coined the Greek term technologia and split scientific knowledge into three parts: theoretical science, practical science, and productive science (technology).
According to Luna (1994), the earliest use of the word technology in the United States was found an a Harvard University course on the "application of the Sciences to the Useful Arts" in 1816.  The 1832 Encyclopedia Americana defined technology as principles, processes, and nomenclatures. Ever since that time, there has been debate as to the definition and identity of technology.  
From a historical perspective, philosophers of technology agree that two phases of technology can be seen: the craft phase and the modern scientized phase.  However, to a philosopher of technology, modern technology, although scientized, is a unique structure of thinking, not merely applied science. Nor, is technology, like science, fully described by the laws of nature.  
Iron workers. Henry Met de Bles (Also known as: Il Civetta), Flemish, C.1480/1510-1550/55, Copyright Kathleen Cohen, tec01080

Wolf (1935) argued "that modern science was derived from technology through the wisdom accumulated via the 'technical arts,' and through the invention of a few critical instruments (e.g., the telescope, the microscope, the barometer, the air-pump, the pendulum clock.)" (Lewis & Gagel, 1992).  In these terms, technology is defined as practical science--science as technique. 
According to Bertrand Russell (1972, p. 492), practical science is not the same as "applied science." According to Russell, "applied science," as viewed by scientists, is inferior to "pure" or "theoretical science." Practical science or technology, as Russell viewed it, was not inferior science but was a conception of science as technique.
"Practical science...has been important from the first, and has continually increased in importance, until it has almost ousted theoretical science from men's thoughts...The triumph of science has been mainly due to its practical utility, and there has been an attempt to divorce this aspect from that of theory, thus making science more a technique, and less and less a doctrine as to the nature of the world....science as technique was building up in practical men a quite different outlook from any that was to be found among theoretical philosophers.  Technique confers a sense of power: man is much less at the mercy of his environment than he was in former times."
The history of technology is long and complex.  In fact, as discussed in unit 1, there is a fundamental disagreement about what is technology.  Was the discovery of fire the first technology?  Or, was the wheel or the plow the first technology?  In contrast to other units, in this unit we will focus on specific examples in the history of technology.
Of course, inter-dispersed with the examples, there will be a discussion of the historical significance of these technologies in the time they were invented. Also, we will discuss the effect of these technologies on subsequent developments in history, technology, and science.  As discussed in unit 1, The Nature of Science and Technology, modern science developed almost solely out of Western Europe.  Technology, however, has a more eclectic past.  
It is this eclectic past that we will explore in this unit. Our travels through technology will not be comprehensive; instead, we will focus on three specific topics: Technology in the Middle Ages, Chinese Contributions to Technology, and Islam Spain and the History of Technology. These topics were chosen to build upon our discussion of the nature of technology in Unit 1 and to provide a context for our future discussion of technology beginning at the Industrial Revolution in Unit 3 (Technology and Work). It is hoped that when you move to Unit 3 you will better understand the complex nature of technological development and diffusion.

Standard Technology - USB 3.0

History of USB:
USB (Universal Serial Bus) technology was originally introduced in 1996. Over the years, USB has become the most popular standard for connecting external peripherals to PCs and Macs. The popularity of USB stems from a combination of factors including, but not limited to:
  • Widespread availability
  • Plug-and-Play usability
  • Device powering - USB supplies power to the peripheral device allowing devices like portable hard drives and mice to be used without an additional power source.
  • Adequate performance
As technology devices and peripherals became faster, the need to increase the transfer speed of USB arose. In 2001, the USB 2.0 standard was ratified, increasing the transfer speed of full-speed USB by 40 times. USB 2.0 was commonly named hi-speed USB.
Today, USB 2.0 is still limited to transfer speeds that are significantly less than that of hard drives, optical drives, and hard-wired network protocols.
In 2009, the USB 3.0 standard was ratified, increasing the transfer speed of hi-speed USB 2.0 by an additional 10 times, or 400 times faster than the original USB 1.1 full-speed specification. USB 3.0 is currently called SuperSpeed USB.
USB 3.0 provides all of the traditional benefits of USB with an interface capable of delivering maximum performance with peripherals.
Compatibility with earlier USB standards:
The USB standards have always aimed to provide backward compatibility with prior USB standards. USB 3.0 is no different, though it uses different connectors and cables than earlier USB versions. Despite the changes, USB 3.0 connectors and cables remain completely compatible with USB 2.0. In most cases, USB 3.0 devices will be compatible with USB 1.0 and 1.1 devices, however it is not a requirement for USB 3.0 certification.
A USB 3.0 device purchased today is compatible with existing USB 2.0 compatible devices and provides a good technology investment for the future, as USB 3.0 becomes the dominant USB technology.
How USB 3.0 compares with other standards:
USB 3.0 is one of the fastest and most cost-effective interfaces for connecting peripherals. At 4,800 Mbps (4.8 Gbps), USB 3.0 is significantly faster than USB 2.0, FireWire 400, and FireWire 800 as well as the common SATA 1.5 and 3.0 standards.
Here is a comparison chart that shows popular interface speeds today:
Before USB 3.0, eSATA (external SATA) was the only interface capable of delivering internal HDD speeds via an external connection. However, eSATA is incapable of providing power to an external hard drive, as USB can. Additionally, eSATA is a hard drive interface technology that cannot be used for non-storage peripheral connections and it does not offer plug-and-play.
USB 3.0 connectors and cables are easily identifiable by the use of blue color in their connectors. Both the host and device connectors have blue colored internal components, as shown in the picture below:
How can I add USB 3.0 support to my PC?
USB 3.0 is a very new technology and almost all PCs purchased before 2010 will not have USB 3.0 ports. Adapter cards are available to provide USB 3.0 support for existing PCs.
Notebook PCs:
The Buffalo Technology USB 3.0 PC ExpressCard Notebook Adapter ICF-EC2U3/UC can be used with any notebook PC that has an ExpressCard 34 or ExpressCard 54 slot running Windows® XP, Windows Vista®, or Windows® 7.
Desktop PCs:
  • The Buffalo Technology USB 3.0 PCI Express Desktop Adapter IFC-PCIE2U3 can be added to a desktop PC to provide SuperSpeed USB 3.0. The PC must have at least one PCI Express x 1 Rev 2.0 slot available and must run Windows® XP, Windows Vista®, or Windows® 7.
  • Buffalo Technology has tested its USB 3.0 storage devices with Gigabyte motherboards. Gigabyte is a leading manufacturer of PC motherboards, now offering many with built-in USB 3.0 support. If building a new PC or replacing a motherboard, look for a USB 3.0 compliant motherboard.

USB technology



A guide to understanding USB technology
Universal Serial Bus devices have been around since 1995. In computer years that seems like a lifetime. In that lifetime we’ve seen two distinct generations of USB technology – USB 1.0 and USB 2.0, and now we're entering the era of USB 3.0.  This article describes the history of USB, technical differences between the various iterations and the future of USB technology. It will also help you update an old computer for USB 2.0 support.
What is USB?
USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. USB interfaces peripheral devices, like a printer, with a host computer. USB features a standardized plug for attaching various devices. The plug and play nature of USB allows devices to be attached to a computer or notebook without restarting the operating system. USB has a sister technology found with many cell phones and digital cameras called Micro-USB. USB technology allows for lower power consumption and higher data transfer rates between devices.
How to identify which USB technology your computer uses
When you plug in a compatible USB 2.0 device into a USB 1.x port your computer will inform you that the device could perform faster if you had a USB 2.0 port. This doesn’t mean the device won’t work, but due to the technology differences between USB 2.0 and USB 1.x, the bandwidth between the devices would be less than adequate.
You can also figure out if your computer has USB 2.0 by opening the Device Manager from the Control Panel, click on the Universal Serial Bus Controllers, and look for the word "enhanced" to describe the controllers installed on your system. Not all of the controllers will say this but you should see at least one that says something like “Standard Enhanced PCI to USB Host Controller”. The language may vary but if you have the word “enhanced” in there somewhere then you have USB 2.0 ports on your computer. It is entirely possible for you to have USB 2.0 ports in the rear of the computer, but only USB 1.x ports in the front (or vice-versa).
Technical differences between USB technologies
The biggest difference between USB technologies exist in the data transfer rates. The earliest USB 1.x technology had a low speed of 1.5Mb per second and a high speed of 12Mb per second. This was indeed an improvement on previous technologies for data transfer, and allowed devices like external optical drives and external hard drives to perform much faster.
USB 2.0 technology was unveiled in 2000 and then made standard by the USB-IF in 2001. This version upped the speed considerably to 480Mb per second of high speed data transfer. Around the same time USB 2.0 came onto the market, they also brought out the Mini B plug and receptacle – a connector commonly found in MP3 players and other small electronic devices. USB 2.0 has stood the test of time, gaining improvements throughout the years, but staying relatively the same.
There is a technology which co-exists with USB 2.0, the certified wireless USB technology or WUSB. Imagine connecting your printer, scanner, keyboard, mouse, (etc) without any kind of cables between the devices! WUSB is an extension of the Universal Bus Protocol And it’s just a shame that consumers don’t see it implemented more often.
As computer hard drives grow in size, processor speeds quicken, and users move to more robust media like audio and video clips, so too does the data transfer technology need to advance and improve. For this reason, USB 3.0 has been in the works for some time. It is expected to hit the shelves in late 2009 – although an exact date is not known just yet. USB 3.0 will be ten times faster than the current USB 2.0 iteration. This new version will be moving data at a rate of 4.8 Gb per second– in other words, lightning fast.
Each new USB version that comes out still works with the same connectors as the previous ones. The backwards compatibility of USB 2.0 devices with a USB 1.0 port will remain true for USB 3.0. Many USB 3.0 devices and hardware are available, although a lot of motherboards and systems are still sold with USB 2.0 at this time.